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GUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNING 21GUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNING 215.2.Framework for understanding riskRisk implies the potential for adverse consequences resulting from the interaction of vulnerability, exposure, and a climate-related hazard. In the IPCC%u2019s 6th Assessment Report, it is recognised that risks may result from %u201cdynamic interactions between climate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to hazards%u201d (Chen, et al., 2021, p. 64).Figure 6: The interaction between the various components of risk, and where the opportunity for adaptation exists to reduce risk (adapted from the IPCC, 2014 and IPCC, 2021)There are three central concepts to defining risk and climate risk zones. The three components are illustrated in Figure 6 and can be described as: Climate hazards are a sub-set of natural hazards and a grouping of hydrological, climatological, and meteorological hazards. This includes the spatial extent and frequency of, among others, floods, fires, and extreme weather events such as extreme rainfall and extreme heat. Sometimes they are also referred to as hydro-meteorological hazards. The potential occurrence of a climate hazard may cause loss of life, injury, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems, and environmental resources (Chen, et al., 2021). Climate hazards can increase in intensity and frequency with climate change.Exposure implies the physical exposure of elements to a climate hazard. It is defined as the %u201cpresence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected%u201d (Chen, et al., 2021, p. 64).