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12 GUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNINGGUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNING 12Below is a conceptual example of a complex systems map identifying role-players and indicating the links between them.Figure 4: Mapping a network to identify key influencers and gaps (Source: https://docs.kumu.io/about/how-does-it-work.html)4.3.Establish or renew external networks and partnershipsMunicipalities need to partner and co-create climate response and adaptation plans with other partners to overcome the complicated, complex, and long-standing challenges they face. Formal as well as informal networks and partnerships play a very important role in mainstreamingCR&R. Many local and international networks exist to support local governments to reach climate goals and commitments. These networks often provide guidance, expert support and access to solutions, service providers, partners, and climate finance. Partnerships are best captured in a Memorandum of Understanding or a Memorandum of Agreement with specific targets that are well-aligned with the municipality%u2019s development agenda, priorities, and targets.Formal networks and partnerships such as the UNFCCC and the C40 Cities network are generally established as a result of top-down approaches to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Conversely, bottom-up approaches to climate change adaptation and mitigation provide practical ways to establish and strengthen informal partnerships and networks. Moreover, bottom-up approaches offer numerous opportunities to leverage partnerships and networks for success (See Recommendation 5). Informal networks, based on professional relationships, are also valuable in terms of innovation, coordination, cooperation, information-sharing, learning, and institutionalisation. Higher EducationNon-Profit or NGOConsultingCorporateGovernmentalOtherInnovation Lab