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10 GUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNINGGUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNING 104. Recommendations for mainstreamingBased on the lessons and examples from the assessments discussed in the previous Section, this Section offers recommendations and a progressive approach to mainstreaming CR&R into urban planning. It is through the implementation of these recommendations, that the benefits of mainstreaming (Section 2) can be activated.%u201cResilience thinking offers some tools for reconciling short- and long-term responses, including integrating different types of knowledge, and emphasis on inclusive governance, and principles of adaptive management%u201d (IPCC, 2012, p. 440)Many policymakers and development practitioners realise the necessity to anticipate climatechange impacts and prepare for these risks, but mainstreaming CR&R objectives into plans and policies is lacking and has been slow to translate into robust action (Mogelgaard, et al., 2018; Pieterse et. al. 2021). To be able to activate the benefits of mainstreaming, bridge the implementation gap, and to facilitate the process of institutionalising climate responsive and resilient planning, there are certain factors that need to be put in place. These factors are explored below, with transversal engagement with internal and external stakeholders acting as the belt, driving all the other factors. These facilitating factors are illustrated in Figure 3.Figure 3: Factors that can facilitate the mainstreaming process.