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GUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNING iiiGUIDELINE ON MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE INTO URBAN PLANNING iiiDefinitionsClimate change adaptationThe process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. Climate change adaptation consists of measures that range from providing social protection after disasters, to retrofitting habitats or settlements with more resilient infrastructure, protecting coastlines from flooding, securing water resources to rely on during periods of drought, and improving crop production for dryland farming, among others.Climate change mitigationA human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This includes human interventions to reduce the sources of other substances which may contribute directly or indirectly to limiting climate change. The goal of climate change mitigation is to achieve a reduction of emissions that will limit global warming to between 1.5%u00b0C and 2%u00b0C above preindustrial levels.Climate change responsiveness and resilience(CR&R)Climate responsiveness encompasses climate change adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk reduction actions to build long-term resilience, while also consideringthe complexity of rapidly growing urban areas and the uncertainty associated with the impacts of climate change in these areas. Additionally, resilience to climate changerefers to the capacity of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity, and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for climate change response.Climate risk zonesA climate risk zone indicates a geographic area with a high or very high potential for adverse consequences resulting from the interaction of vulnerability, exposure, and one or more climate-related hazards.Mainstreaming The process of integrating climate change adaptation strategies and interventions into existing instruments and processes, particularly those related to development and planning.Maladaptation The process of implementing planned adaptation actions that exacerbate the adverse impacts of climate change by directly increasing the vulnerability of targeted or external elements. Contrary to unsuccessful adaptation, maladaptation implies a heightened vulnerability of an element, because of adaptation. Therefore, not only is maladaptation a failure to adapt, but it is also an exacerbation of the situation.Urban planning Urban planning involves spatial planning, land-use management and integrated development planning within metropolitan municipalities (Category A Municipality), and local municipalities (Category B Municipality). Municipalities that include national urban nodes and regional development anchors, are of particular relevance.District municipalities (Category C) are recognised as important actors in coordinated planning across a municipal area and its cities and towns. Urban planning includes long-term planning as well as term-of-office planning and involves the management and development of mechanisms and instruments that guide integrated, strategic infrastructure and investment planning and associated budgeting and reporting.